A new nano satellite mission, called Firefly, sponsored by the
National Science Foundation (NSF) and led by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Md. will explore the relationship between lightning and Terrestrial Gamma Ray
Flashes (TGFs).
NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) first discovered
TGFs in the 1990s. Designed to look outward at cosmic sources of gamma rays, CGRO also
caught rare but tantalizing glimpses of gamma rays coming from Earth.
TGFs are likely produced by beams of very energetic electrons, which are accelerated in
the intense electric fields generated by large thunderstorm systems. Before CGRO, many
scientists thought these very energetic types of radiation could be generated only near
the Sun, or in black holes, large galaxies, or neutron stars.
Firefly will explore which types of lightning produce these electron beams and
associated TGFs. In addition, Firefly will explore the occurrence rate of TGFs that are
weaker than any previously been studied. The result with be a better understanding of the
effect that the millions of lightning flashes that occur worldwide each day have on the
Earth's upper atmosphere and near-Earth space environment.
The NSF CubeSat program represents a new "low cost access to space" approach
to performing high-quality, targeted science on a smaller budget than is typical of larger
satellite projects, which have price tags starting at $100 million. In contrast, the
CubeSat Firefly will carry out its science mission in a much smaller package and at a
considerably lower cost. The nano satellite is about the size of a football (4 by 4 by 12
inches). The cost to develop, launch, and operate Firefly for three years during its
science mission is expected to be less than $1 million.
The Firefly mission also emphasizes student involvement as part of the ongoing effort
to train the next generation of scientists and engineers. Students at Siena College, in
Loudonville, N.Y., and the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, in Princess Anne, Md.,
will be involved in all phases of the Firefly mission.
Firefly is funded and managed by the National Science Foundation, and will be developed
as a collaborative effort by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Universities Space Research
Association (USRA), Columbia, Md.; Siena College; University of Maryland Eastern Shore,
Princess Anne, Md.; and the Hawk Institute for Space Sciences, in Pocomoke City, Md.
NASA Goddard, USRA, and Siena College will provide the instrument payload, while the
Hawk Institute will build the CubeSat. NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island,
Va., will provide technical oversight for the integration of Firefly to the launch
vehicle.
Firefly's launch date was planned to be in 2010 or 2011. The micro satellite will fly as
a secondary payload inside a Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD) provided by
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Calif. Firefly will utilize the
excess room and lift capacity not required by the primary mission payload. It was finally orbited at the End of 2013.
Firefly reentered on 2 November 2017.