Molniya-2 [ISS Reshetnev]
Official name MOLNIYA 2-12
Alternative name Molniya 2-12
Cospar ID 1975-009A
Norad ID 7641
Launch date 1975-02-06
Launch site PKMTR
Launch vehicle Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
Country/Organization USSR
Type application Communication
RCS size LARGE
Decay date 1985-08-04
Shape Cyl + 6 Pan
Mass (kg) 1650
Diameter (m) 1.4
Height (m) 4.4
Span (m^2) 8.2
Lifetime 1 year
Contractors NPO Prikladnoi Mekhaniki (NPO PM)
Propulsion KDU-414 (S5.19) or KDU-414A (S5.114)
Configuration KAUR-2
Power 6 deployable solar arrays (940 W), batteries

The Molniya were Soviet communication satellites operating from an inclined highly elliptical earth orbit of 500 km × 40000 km with 12 hour period for coverage of high northern latitudes.

The Molniya satellites feature a unique configuration. The pressurized, three-axis stabilized KAUR-2 satellite bus features six non-articulated solar arrays and is operated in a sun-pointed mode. The antennas are mounted on two telescopic arms and are pointable. Each antenna features an optical tracking system which provides information to direct one of the two antennas to the Earth.

The KAUR-2 bus features the KDU-414 propellant system with the S5.31 engine. From 1974 onwards, it was replaced with the KDU-414A with the S5.114 engine in 1974. It is derived from the propulsion system of the Venera 1VA probes.

Molniya-2 satellites were used for government communications via Orbita-2 ground stations. The payload consisted of two Segment-2 repeaters, which were developed by MNIIRS and operate in C-band (6 GHz for uplinks, 4 GHz for downlinks). They were used for civilian communications. The antenna systems consisted of two horn antennas with radiation pattern of 21.5°

Several satellites, beginning with Molniya-1 3, carried an additional earth observation payload called Berkut consisting of two TV cameras, initially black and white, later also colour. This payload was used for meteorology and also for preparation of a early warning system.

Satellite COSPAR Date LS Launch Vehicle Remarks
MOLNIYA 2-1 1971-100A 1971-11-24 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-2 1972-037A 1972-05-19 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-3 1972-075A 1972-09-30 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-4 1972-098A 1972-12-12 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-5 1973-018A 1973-04-05 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-6 1973-045A 1973-07-11 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-7 1973-076A 1973-10-19 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-8 1973-106A 1973-12-25 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-9 1974-026A 1974-04-26 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-10 1974-056A 1974-07-23 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-11 1974-102A 1974-12-21 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-12 1975-009A 1975-02-06 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-13 1975-063A 1975-07-08 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-14 1975-081A 1975-09-09 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-15 1975-121A 1975-12-17 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
COSMOS 837 1976-062A 1976-07-01 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
COSMOS 853 1976-088A 1976-09-01 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-16 1976-116A 1976-12-02 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
MOLNIYA 2-17 1977-010A 1977-02-11 PKMTR Molniya-M (Blok-ML)